a) Single digit palpation to localize areas of tenderness and swelling.

b) Active and passive range of motion with regard to pain.

c) Collateral Ligament Stress Test (evaluates For MCL, LCL injury): The knee is flexed 25 to 30 degrees with valgus and varus stresses applied.

d)Lachman Test (evaluates for ACL, PCL injury): With the patient supine and the knee in approximately 25 to 30 degrees of flexion, one hand of the examiner is used to stabilize the femur while the tibiais pulled forward (and backward), assessing the degree of movement versus the contralateral side.

e) Apprehension Sign (evaluates for patella injury): Pain or apprehension upon attempting to slide the patella laterally.

f) Anterior/Posterior Drawer Tests (evaluates for ACL, PCL injury): This is less reliable than the Lachman test. The knee is flexed 90 degrees. The foot is stabilized against the examiner's thigh while the tibia is slid foward to assess displacement vs. the contralateral side.

g) Pivot Shift Test (evaluates for strength of ACL): The knee is in full extension with the limb lifted. Valgus and upward force applied to the knee while the foot is rotated with the other hand The tibia subluxes anteriorly on the femur, then the knee is flexed, producing rotation of the tibia. If the tibia "jumps" posteriorly, ACL weakness is suggested.

h) Posterior Sag Sign (evaluates for PCL injury): with the patient supine, a pillow is placed beneath the distal thigh. In PCL rupture, the unsupported tibia "sags."

i) McMurray Test (evaluates for meniscal injury): The examiner grasps the lower leg, flexing and extending the knee while simultaneously internally and externally rotating the tibia on the femur. With the other hand, the examiner palpates the knee for clicking or catching sensations in the area of the meniscus. This test may also be positive for soft tissue or patellofemoral injury.