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Patient Care: Questions and Answers
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What do we do? |
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We care for all types of allergic problems including
asthma, allergic rhinitis (hayfever), atopic dermatitis (eczema),
food allergy, drug allergy, hives, insect sting allergy, severe
allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), immune system problems, and many
other allergic and immunologic disorders.
We also offer specialized care focused upon all types of food
allergic disorders of all degrees of severity. In this regard,
we are a preeminent center for clinical care and research on food
allergic disorders. We have numerous ongoing studies concerning
the diagnosis and treatment of food allergy and you/your family
may inquire about these at the time of your visit.
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What should I expect during my initial visit? |
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During your initial visit, expect to meet with the
physician and his/her associates to discuss your medical history
and to have a physical examination. Based on the history and physical
examination findings, we may determine that allergy tests are needed.
Any tests will be explained in detail before they are performed.
Once the problem is diagnosed, treatment options can be discussed.
Sometimes an evaluation may need to be continued on another visit
in order to complete the diagnostic evaluation and/or to provide
medications and detailed information about treatment.
We offer comprehensive care that includes an emphasis on education
about the treatments for each illness that we treat. You may meet
with physicians and support staff, review written and videotaped
instructions, and be referred for additional services that are
appropriate to your care, if necessary. |
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What is food allergy? |
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A true food allergy happens when the immune system
"attacks" harmless proteins in our food. The immune system
is the part of the body that usually fights infections, but in this
case the responses are misdirected. Here, let's consider what is
not a food allergy. For example, typical food poisoning is not a
food allergy, but some types of food poisoning are tricky and can
look like a food allergy because a spoiled food may cause vomiting
and diarrhea. Natural constituents of our foods can also cause adverse
reactions, like when one gets jittery from caffeine; these are also
not allergies. One of the adverse reactions to food that is most
often confused with allergy is "intolerance." Intolerance
is just a way of saying that an individual develops symptoms from
a food (usually a component of the food) based on the individual's
inability to digest or process the food, but there is no immune
response involved (not an allergy). The classic example of intolerance
is "lactose intolerance." Lactose is a type of sugar found
in milk. Individuals with lactose intolerance may appear "allergic"
because they get diarrhea and gas from ingestion of products that
contain lactose (milk, cheese, etc.), but they do not have life-threatening
reactions, and their immune system is not reacting to the food.
They are missing a digestive enzyme that is needed to break down
the milk-sugar. |
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What foods cause allergies? |
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Although a person could be allergic to virtually
any food , most people with food allergies are allergic to fewer
than 4 foods. In children, the most common foods causing significant
reactions are egg, milk, peanut, soy, wheat, tree nuts, and fish
and shellfish. In adults the most common foods are peanut, tree
nuts, and fish and shellfish. Many people mention strawberries,
citrus, corn, and chocolate as common allergy-causing foods, but
they are actually quite uncommon. It seems that we are seeing some
increase in allergies to seeds like sesame, poppy, and maybe even
mustard and more (mild) reactions to various fruits and vegetables. |
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Can I prevent food allergy? |
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Probably the most important point to make here is not to feel
guilty about anything you did or did not do in terms of a child
with food allergy. We see children with peanut allergy who, as
far as anyone knows, never were exposed to any peanut and still
showed up with a strong positive blood test. Based upon the available
but limited literature, most authorities suggest that breast feeding
is important (for many reasons) and also seems to have some allergy-preventative
properties (but even this finding is controversial). The only
other fairly solid suggestion is to try to delay the introduction
of solids for infants to age 6 months. Eliminating some common
allergenic foods over the first several years may prevent the
expression of an allergy that would have been outgrown whether
the food was or was not initially given, but much more research
on this theory is still needed. Physicians only have available
what is already known and have to make some judgments for recommendations
with many limitations.
A panel from the American Academy of Pediatrics made a set of
recommendations aimed at newborns at "high risk" for
allergy. If you read these recommendations, please understand
that the use of terms such as "could," "may,"
"seem reasonable," etc. indicates that these recommendations
are not set in stone. Before undertaking any diet, please discuss
these issues with your pediatrician, allergist, and obstetrician,
because nutritional deficiencies could result. If you choose to
undertake a diet strictly, a dietitian may be needed to evaluate
it.
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What is anaphylaxis? |
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Technically, it is when an allergic reaction (caused
by the body's immune system) comes on suddenly and affects several
parts of the body, sometimes in a severe and progressive way. |
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What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis? |
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Symptoms almost always start within minutes after
an exposure, although a delay of up to an hour or more is possible.
Symptoms can affect the skin (swelling, hives/whelts, itchiness,
redness), gut (itchy mouth, stomach ache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea),
throat and breathing (hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, throat
closing, trouble breathing, wheezing, repetitive coughing), and
circulation (paleness, dizziness, passing out, low blood pressure,
loss of pulse). A "feeling of impending doom" is often
described. Women may experience uterine contractions. Mild symptoms
without increasing parts of the body being affected are usually
not thought of as life-threatening anaphylaxis (skin symptoms alone,
itchy mouth alone, stomach aches alone). Sometimes a reaction will
subside and then start up again 1 to 3 hours later. |
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What is atopic dermatitis? |
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Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a chronic skin disease
estimated to occur in 10% of children. While the exact cause is
not known, eczema is frequently associated with allergies and may
be aggravated by foods, dust, pollens, or animals. The skin is dry
with an itchy, red rash. Weeping, oozing, and crusting of skin may
occur as well as thickening (lichenification) of continually affected
areas. The scratching itself is felt to play a major role in the
development of these skin changes. Bacterial skin infection is common
and causes more itching and redness. The skin also has an increased
susceptibility to viral infections such as warts or herpes (cold
sores, shingles).
Skin of patients with atopic dermatitis does not regulate body
temperature normally. There may be abnormal sweating and abnormal
blood vessel responses, such as the opening and closing of these
vessels in the skin. Your child may not react as you expect with
changes in room temperature. He may sweat very little. Since intact
skin is also important in holding body fluid, your child may lose
extra fluid (simply by evaporation) when he is severely affected.
You might note increased drinking of fluids. These problems are
not dangerous for your child if appropriate therapy is used to
clear up the skin lesions. |
Allergy-Related Web Sites
www.aaaai.org
www.faiusa.org
www.foodallergy.org |